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Trans Abstract

Introduction

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is defined as an acute loss of hearing threshold of ≥30 dB over three contiguous frequencies in less than 3 days [1]. The incidence of SSNHL has been estimated to range from 5 to 20 cases per 100000 persons per year [2], and the etiologies of SSNHL are known to include viral infection, meningitis, syphilis, Lyme disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acoustic neuroma, and head injury. However, despite thorough searches to determine etiologies, in most cases, SSNHL is idiopathic [3]. Treatment is based on its etiology, but for idiopathic SSNHL, the most widely accepted treatment options are systemic steroid injection and intratympanic steroid injection [2]. Systemic steroid therapy has been proven to be effective [1,2], but can cause unpleasant adverse effects, and cannot be administered to contraindicated subjects. Intratympanic steroid injection has been proposed as an alternative method and several studies have demonstrated its efficacy [4-6]. In addition, several studies have reported prognostic factors for idiopathic SSNHL, such as, severity of hearing loss, audiogram patterns, presence of dizziness, and age [1,7,8].

In the present study, we sought to document hearing outcomes and identify prognostic factors of idiopathic SSNHL in patients treated with intratympanic steroid plus systemic steroid.

Subjects and Method

The medical records of 147 patients diagnosed with idiopathic SSNHL from August 2011 to August 2013 were retrospectively investigated. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of a tertiary hospital (GBIRB2013-72). Patients were excluded if they were not treated with intratympanic plus systemic steroid.

The oral steroid used was prednisolone (Solondo^®, 5 mg/T, Yuhan Corporation, Seoul, Korea), which was started at 60 mg and tapered gradually (days 1-5, 60 mg; days 6 and 7, 40 mg; days 8 and 9, 20 mg; day 10, 10 mg; and day 11, 5 mg). Intratympanic steroid injection was performed five times at two-day intervals. Briefly, in the supine position, local anesthesia was achieved by packing with a lidocaine soaked gauze for 5 minutes. Dexamethasone (5 mg/mL, Daewon Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) was then injected (0.3 to 0.8 mL) at the anteroinferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane using a 26-gauge spinal needle and a 1-mL syringe. Patients were instructed to avoid swallowing or moving in the supine position with head tilted at 45° toward the unaffected side for 20 minutes after injections.

Age, gender, pure tone audiometric thresholds before and after treatment, audiogram patterns, presence of dizziness, tinnitus, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and alcohol and smoking history were collected from medical records. Pure tone average was produced using four frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kHz). Eight weeks after completing treatment, final pure tone audiometric thresholds were measured. Recovery was defined as more than slight recovery, that is, patients that showed more than 15 dB gain and whose final hearing level was poorer than 45 dB, as described by Siegel (Table 1) [9]. Audiograms of affected ears were classified as ‘up-sloping,’ ‘down-sloping,’ ‘flat,’ ‘U-shaped,’ and ‘profound.’ Average thresholds were calculated at low frequency (500 and 1000 Hz), mid frequency (2000 and 3000 Hz), and high frequency (4000 and 6000 Hz). An audiogram was characterized as up-sloping when thresholds for high frequencies were 20 dB less than those for low frequencies, down-sloping when low frequencies were 20 dB less than high frequencies, flat when the difference between high and low frequencies was within 15 dB, U-shaped when high and low frequencies were 20 dB less than mid frequencies, and profound when all frequencies were ≥91 dB.

Table 1.

Siegel’s criteria for hearing recovery [9]

Descriptive statistics are reported as proportions or means with standard deviations. Intergroup differences between initial hearing levels and ages were analyzed using the t test. Categorical data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test or Pearson’s chi-square test. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences in age when there were four variables. When p values were ＜0.05, least significant difference post hoc testing was performed to clarify group differences. Two-sided p values of ＜0.05 were considered statistically significant, and the analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Relationship between prognostic factors and hearing recovery

Average initial hearing levels were similar in the recovery and no recovery groups (p=0.952), but older patients had significantly lower hearing recoveries (p=0.002). Audiogram patterns (p=0.047) and tinnitus (p=0.013) were related to hearing recovery, but sex (p=0.437), dizziness (p=0.068), alcohol consumption (p=0.540), smoking (p=0.985), hypertension (p=0.292), and diabetes mellitus (p=0.563) were not. The prognostic factors identified by univariate analysis were age, audiogram pattern, and tinnitus. Regarding audiogram patterns, the down-sloping type was associated with a lower recovery rate than the up-sloping type (odds ratio=4.318, p=0.018); the profound type had a lower recovery rate than the up-sloping type (odds ratio=7.282, p=0.034), and the flat and U-shape types had marginally lower recovery rates than the up-sloping type (odds ratio=1.961, 1.574, p=0.245, 0.602 respectively) (Table 2). Multivariate analysis showed that age (p=0.022) and audiogram pattern (p=0.038) independently predicted hearing recovery.

Table 2.

Relationships between hearing recovery and putative prognostic factors, as determined by univariate analysis

Relationships between prognostic factors and grade of hearing recovery

Mean age in the complete recovery group was significantly less than in the partial recovery, slight recovery and no improve groups defined using Siegel’s criteria (p=0.026) [9], and the complete recovery group had a higher prevalence of tinnitus than the other two recovery groups (p=0.038). Sex (p=0.334), audiogram pattern (p=0.133), dizziness (p=0.292), alcohol consumption (p=0.170), smoking (p=0.721), hypertension (p=0.382), and diabetes mellitus (p=0.493) were not found to be related to grade of hearing recovery by univariate analysis (Table 3). Multivariate analysis showed that only age (p=0.039) independently predicted complete recovery.

Table 3.

Relationships between grades of hearing recovery and putative prognostic factors: as determined by univariate analysis

Discussion

Intratympanic steroid injections were used for the first time to treat SSNHL by Silverstein, et al. [6] in 1996. These injections are used as an initial treatment without systemic steroid, as an adjunctive treatment with systemic steroids, or as a salvage therapy after failure of systemic steroids [4]. In the most recent reports, intratympanic steroid injections have been used as a salvage therapy after failure of systemic steroids rather than as an initial treatment [4]. Several reports have shown intratympanic steroid injections have no effect when administered with systemic steroid, whereas other reports have concluded salvage therapy based on intratympanic steroid injections is effective [10,11].

Several recent studies have compared the therapeutic effects of combined systemic and intratympanic steroid therapy versus systemic steroid therapy, and shown the outcomes of combination treatment were more effective than those obtained using systemic steroids in SSNHL patients with poor prognostic factors (especially in those with poor hearing before treatment) [12,13]. In our previous study, systemic steroid therapy resulted in complete recovery in 20.5%, partial recovery in 16.5%, slight recovery in 15.1%, and non-improvement in 47.7% [5]. In the present study, intratympanic injection and systemic steroid combination therapy achieved complete recovery in 36.7%, partial recovery in 12.9%, slight recovery in 12.3% and non-improvement in 38.1%. Thus, as compared to our previous study, combination therapy had higher complete recovery (36.7% vs. 20.5%) and total recovery (61.9% vs. 52.3%) rates than systemic steroid therapy [5].

In the present study, audiogram type was found to be related to hearing recovery. Summarizing, the down-sloping type was associated with a lower recovery rate than the up-sloping type (odds ratio=4.318, p=0.018), and the profound type with a lower recovery rate than the up-sloping type (odds ratio= 7.282, p=0.034). These results are consistent with those of previous studies, in which the up-sloping and U-shape types had better prognoses than the flat, down-sloping, or profound types [7,8,14,15]. These findings suggest that high-frequency hearing loss is an important indicator of poor prognosis.

In addition, our analysis showed grade of hearing recovery, as defined by Siegel’s criteria [9], was related to age (p=0.026), and tinnitus (p=0.038), the latter of which contradicts the findings of a previous study [15,16]. Average initial hearing level was not found to be related to hearing recovery by univariate analysis (p=0.195), which is contrary to that found in previous studies [1,7]. This disparity could be due to small patient numbers, but it might also reflect the greater effectiveness of combined intratympanic and systemic steroid therapy in patients with poorer hearing before treatment. Thus, we suspect combined systemic and intratympanic steroid therapy may be more effective in patients with severe hearing loss, and suggest a study be designed to compare combined systemic and intratympanic steroid therapy and systemic therapy directly in severe hearing loss patients.

In the present study, no relation was evident between hearing recovery and hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and similarly, in previous studies, these factors were not found to be related to prognosis [3,7,15]. The prognostic value of dizziness remains controversial [15], but we found no relation between it and hearing recovery. Furthermore, no relation was observed between sex, alcohol consumption, or smoking and hearing recovery, which has not been previous reported.

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